I'd long wondered why Haley's name was
on a so-called autobiography, but having now read this work, I
understand. Haley really did write this book, which really is made up
of Malcolm's words. The process was one in which Malcolm essentially
ranted, and Haley wrote and then organized everything into an actual
narrative. With time, Haley did draw out the stories of Malcolm's
life to make the work possible—that is, more than a set of
complaints. It must have been a huge amount of labor, but it is an
incredible read.
What makes it so incredible is that one
sees a man change not once but thrice. As a child, Malcolm was
extremely smart. Alas, his father, a Garveyite, was killed by whites,
leaving Mom with eight or so kids to raise on her own. Mom, in turn,
was eventually taken away to a mental institute (something of a sham,
one gets the feeling), and the kids were farmed out to relatives and
foster homes. Malcolm ended up being raised by some kindly Christian
white folks who sent him to a mostly white school. There, he
excelled. He was among the tops in the class academically and was
elected class president, but when he noted one day that he wanted to
be a lawyer when he grew up, the teacher laughed at him. He should go
for something appropriate for him—like a carpenter. It peeved
Malcolm off. His white classmates, not nearly as smart, could say
they wanted to be doctors or whatever, so why should Malcolm be
laughed at? On one level, I can understand the teacher's point (not
the laughter), because at the time, it likely would have been very
difficult for a Black kid to become such a thing; there's something
to be said for realism. On the other hand, why discourage a kid? Some
black kids, even at that time, did grow up to be lawyers, after all.
This experience, in turn, made Malcolm
give up on school. He fled to a relative in Boston. There, he learned
to lindy hop, wore zoot suits, straightened his hair, and became a
hipster. After a short bout in jobs that paid well to a kid but not
to someone older, he also got into drugs and drug dealing, gambling,
and various illegal activities. And he found himself a white
girlfriend—a married woman. He moved on to New York, where he
continued in the same activities—and added burglary to the mix.
When the white girlfriend's husband found out about the affair,
Malcolm knew the jig was up. The cops were after him after all, and
he was likely going to end up dead, so he essentially allowed himself
to be arrested.
In prison, another transformation would
occur. (I'm reminded of Damon Wayans's skit about the man who
educates himself in prison by reading and writing the dictionary; my
guess is this was a parody of Malcolm's experience, who did that and
read extensively.) Malcolm's siblings got into the teachings of
Elijah Muhammad of the Nation of Islam. Malcolm was skeptical, but
after reading some of the material and then writing Elijah, who
actually wrote back encouraging him, Malcolm found himself under
Elijah's spell. He converted.
Now Malcolm became a straight-edged
man. No drinking, drugs, or women. Out of prison, he went to help the
Nation. A good speaker, he soon found himself as the main spokesman
for the organization and one who helped to raise up several mosques.
But in time, others grew jealous—and as Malcolm would discover, so
would Elijah, who himself turned out to be something of a hypocrit,
fathering two children by two different women in the organization.
Malcolm defended Elijah even from that, making up some excuse for why
it was okay for the leader to do things no one else would be allowed
to. He was under the spell. But that broke when he was kicked out for
a minor “infraction.”
This in turn caused him to go to Mecca,
on the Hajj, where he discovered true Islam and the brotherhood of
man. Rather than believing whites were the bad spawn of the original
black man, he came to see that all people are brothers. The issue is
with the racist system. In this, I saw a lot that is the current
thinking in the fighting racism movement. Individual whites might be
okay, but the system makes all whites racist, or so goes DEI theory.
The book ends, here, of course, because Malcolm was killed. In the
epilogue, Haley goes into that killing, which Malcolm knew was
coming. It happened at a speech, three likely Black Muslims sitting
on the front row raised guns and shot them.
Malcolm's idealization (indeed, the
idealization of the whole Nation) of Elijah was fascinating. The
Nation of Islam really does seem like a cult. In a sense, it reminded
me of growing up in the church I grew up in, which had a leader
people idealized. Unlike Elijah, I don't know if accusations about
that man are true; so many people hate or love him that to this day,
rumors are impossible to verify one way or the other. Are they made
up to damage the man or are they real and hidden? But it's
fascinating how even Malcolm's brothers pick Elijah over Malcolm, and
Malcolm, until the break, justifies anything Elijah says or does.
Yet, when he does break, he doesn't break from Islam; he just
realizes that it's much deeper and profound than Elijah teaches. For
Elijah, it's just a sham way to raise up a group. Likewise, I
continue on in the faith of my birth, despite my uncertain feelings
about the man who had so much to pushing out a lot of the faith's
views, because there is truth in it, whether or not it was used by a
man to make money.